Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is defined as the infusion of multipotent stem cells derived from bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood to reconstitute the hematopoietic system, used to treat several disorders including Sickle Cell Disease, Fanconi Anemia, acute and chronic leukemia, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and lymphomas. Oral Mucositis (OM), a common and important complication of HSCT, is defined as an inflammation of the oropharynx resulting from cancer therapy typically manifesting as atrophy, swelling, erythema, and ulceration.  OM affects 67%–99 % of patients undergoing conditioning by high-dose chemotherapy and/or total body irradiation for HSCT and usually occurs between 2 and 18 days following the initiation of the chemotherapy. Oral mucositis is a debilitating condition that causes pain and results in loss of parenteral nutrition and a significant reduction in patients’ quality of life, especially children. The management of OM has focused extensively on symptomatic relief through topical applications of combinations of anesthetics, obtundents, antifungals, and even placebo. The incidence and severity of OM for patients undergoing HSCT underline the importance of good prevention. Patients’ and parent’s education toward good oral hygiene in order to minimize the oral complication before, during, and after the treatment is very critical and important.

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